The Slave Years
     Frederick Baily was born a slave in February 1818 on Holmes Hill Farm, near the town of Easton on Maryland's
Eastern Shore. The farm was part of an estate owned by Aaron Anthony, who also managed the plantations of Edward Lloyd
V, one of the wealthiest men in Maryland. The main Lloyd Plantation was near the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay, 12 miles
from Holmes Hill Farm, in a home Anthony had built near the Lloyd mansion, was where Frederick's first master lived. 
     Frederick's mother, Harriet Baily, worked the cornfields surrounding Holmes Hill. He knew little of his father except that
the man was white. As a child, he had heard rumors that the master, Aaron Anthony, had sired him. Because Harriet Baily was
required to work long hours in the fields, Frederick had been sent to live with his grandmother, Betsey Baily. Betsy Baily lived
in a cabin a short distance from Holmes Hill Farm. Her job was to look after Harriet's children until they were old enough to
work. Frederick's mother visited him when she could, but he had only a hazy memory of her. He spent his childhood playing in
the woods near his grandmother's cabin. He did not think of himself as a slave during these years. Only gradually did Frederick
learn about a person his grandmother would refer to as Old Master and when she spoke of Old Master it was with certain fear.
     At age 6, Frederick's grandmother had told him that they were taking a long journey. They set out westward, with
Frederick clinging to his grandmother's skirt with fear and uncertainty They had approached a large elegant home, the Lloyd
Plantation, where several children were playing on the grounds. Betsy Baily had pointed out 3 children which were his brother
Perry, and his sisters Sara and Eliza. His grandmother had told him to join his siblings and he did so reluctantly. After a while
one of the children yelled out to Frederick that his grandmother was gone. Frederick fell to the ground and wept, he was about
to learn the harsh realities of the slave system. 
     The slave children of Aaron Anthony's were fed cornmeal mush that was placed in a trough, to which they were called.
Frederick later wrote "like so many pigs." The children made homemade spoons from oyster shells to eat with and competed
with each other for every last bite of food. The only clothing that they were provided with was one linen shirt which hung to
their knees. The children were provided no beds or warm blankets. On cold winter nights they would huddle together in the
kitchen of the Anthony house to keep each other warm. 
     One night Frederick was awakened by a woman's screams. He peered through a crack in the wall of the kitchen only to
see Aaron Anthony lashing the bare back of a woman, who was his aunt, Hester Baily. Frederick was terrified, but forced
himself to watch the entire ordeal. This would not be the first whipping he would see, occasionally he himself would be the
victim. He would learn that Aaron Anthony would brutally beat his slaves if they did not obey orders quickly enough. 
     Frederick's mother was rarely able to visit her children due to the distance between Holmes Hill Farm and the Lloyd
plantation. Frederick last saw his mother when he was seven years old. He remembered his mother giving a severe scolding to
the household cook who disliked Frederick and gave him very little food. A few months after this visit, Harriet Baily died, but
Frederick did not learn of this until much later. 
     Because Frederick had a natural charm that many people found engaging, he was chosen to be the companion of Daniel
Lloyd, the youngest son of the plantation's owner. Frederick's chief friend and protector was Lucretia Auld, Aaron Anthony's
daughter, who was recently married to a ship's captain named Thomas Auld. One day in 1826 Lucretia told Frederick that he
was being sent to live with her brother-in-law, Hugh Auld, who managed a ship building firm in Baltimore, Maryland. She told
him that if he scrubbed himself clean, she would give him a pair of pants to wear to Baltimore. Frederick was elated at this
chance to escape the life of a field hand. He cleaned himself up and received his first pair of pants. Within three days he was on
his way to Baltimore. 
     Upon Frederick's arrival at the Auld Home, his only duties were to run errands and care for the Auld's infant son,
Tommy. Frederick enjoyed the work and grew to love the child. Sophia Auld was a religious woman and frequently read aloud
from the Bible. Frederick asked his mistress to teach him to read and she readily consented. He soon learned the alphabet and
a few simple words. Sophia Auld was very excited about Fredericks progress and told her husband what she had done. Hugh
Auld became furious at this because it was unlawful to teach a slave to read. Hugh Auld believed that if a slave knew how to
read and write that it would make him unfit for a slave. A slave that could read and write would no longer obey his master
without question or thought, or even worse could forge papers that said he was free and thus escape to a northern state where
slavery was outlawed. Hugh Auld then instructed Sophia to stop the lessons at once! 
     Frederick learned from Hugh Auld's outburst that if learning how to read and write was his pathway to freedom, then
gaining this knowledge was to become his goal. Frederick gained command of the alphabet on his own and made friends with
poor white children he met on errands and used them as teachers. He paid for his reading lessons with pieces of bread. At
home Frederick read parts of books and newspapers when he could, but he had to constantly be on guard against his mistress.
Sophia Auld screamed whenever she caught Frederick reading. Sophia Auld's attitude toward Frederick had changed, she no
longer regarded him as any other child, but as a piece of property. However, Frederick gradually learned to read and write.
With a little money he had earned doing errands, he bought a copy of The Columbian Orator, a collection of speeches and
essays dealing with liberty, democracy, and courage. 
     Frederick was greatly affected by the speeches on freedom in The Columbian Orator, and so began reading local
newspapers and began to learn about abolitionists. Not quite 13 years old but enlightened with new ideas that both tormented
and inspired him. Frederick began to detest slavery. His dreams of emancipation were encouraged by the example of other
blacks in Baltimore, most of whom were free. But new laws passed by southern state legislators made it increasingly difficult for
owners to free their slaves. 
     During this time, Aaron Anthony died, and his property went to his two sons and his daughter, Lucretia Auld. Frederick
remained a part of the Anthony estate and was sent back to the Lloyd plantation to be a part of the division of property.
Frederick was chosen by Thomas and Lucretia Auld and was sent back to Hugh and Sophia Auld in Baltimore. Seeing his
family being devided up increased his hatred of slavery, however, he was hurt the most that his grandmother, considered too
old for any work, was evicted from her cabin and sent into the woods to die. Within a year of Frederick's return to Baltimore,
Lucretia Auld died. The two Auld brothers then got into a dispute, and Thomas wrote to Hugh and demanded the return of his
late wife's property, which included Frederick. 
     Frederick was sorry to leave Baltimore because he had recently become a teacher to a group of other young blacks. In
addition, a black preacher named Charles Lawson had taken Frederick under his wing and adopted him as his spiritual son. In
March of 1833, the 15 year old Frederick was sent to live at Thomas Auld's new farm near the town of Saint Michaels, a few
miles from the Lloyd plantation. 
     Frederick was again put to work as a field hand and was extremely unhappy about his situation. Thomas Auld starved
his slaves, and they had to steal food from neighboring farms to survive. Frederick received many beatings and saw worse ones
given to others. He then organized a Sunday religious service for the slaves which met in near by Saint Michaels. The services
were soon stopped by a mob led by Thomas Auld. Thomas Auld had found Frederick especially difficult to control so he
decided to have someone tame his unruly slave. 
     In January 1834, Frederick was sent to work for Edward Covey, a poor farmer who had gained a reputation around
Saint Michaels for being and expert "slave breaker". Frederick was not too displeased with this arrangement because Covey
fed his slaves better than Auld did. The slaves on Covey's farm worked from dawn until after nightfall, plowing, hoeing, and
picking corn. Although the men were given plenty of food, they had very little time allotted to eat before they were sent back to
work. Covey hid in bushes and spied on the slaves as they worked, if he caught one of them resting he would beat him with
thick branches. 
     After being on the farm for one week, Frederick was given a serious beating for letting an oxen team run wild. During the
months to follow, he was continually whipped until he began to feel that he was "broken". On one hot August afternoon his
strength failed him and he collapsed in the field. Covey kicked and beat Frederick to no avail and finally walked away in
disgust. Frederick mustered the strength to get up and walk to the Auld farm, where he pleaded with his master to let him stay.
Auld had little sympathy for him and sent him back to Covey. Beaten down as Frederick was, he found the strength to rebel
when Covey began tying him to a post in preparation for a whipping. "At that moment - from whence came the spirit I don't
know - I resolved to fight," Frederick wrote. "I seized Covey hard by the throat, and as I did so, I rose." Covey and Frederick
fought for almost two hours until Covey finally gave up telling Frederick that his beating would have been less severe had he not
resisted. "The truth was," said Frederick, "that he had not whipped me at all." Frederick had discovered an important truth:
"Men are whipped oftenist who are whipped easiest." He was lucky, legally, a slave could be killed for resisting his master. But
Covey had a reputation to protect and did not want it known that he could not control a 16 year old boy. 
     After working for Covey for a year, Frederick was sent to work for a farmer named William Freeland, who was a
relatively kind master. But by now, Frederick did not care about having a kind master. All Frederick wanted was his freedom.
He started an illegal school for blacks in the area that secretly met at night and on Sundays, and with five other slaves he began
to plan his escape to the North. A year had passed since Frederick began working for William Freeland and his plan of escape
had been completed. His group planned to steal a boat, row to the northern tip of Chesapeake Bay, and then flee on foot to the
free state of Pennsylvania. The escape was supposed to take place just before the Easter holiday in 1836, but one of
Frederick's associates had exposed the plot and a group of armed white men captured the slaves and put them in jail. 
     Frederick was in jail for about a week. While imprisoned, he was inspected by slave traders, and he fully expected that
he would be sold to "a life of living death" in the Deep South. To his surprise, Thomas Auld came and released him. Then
Frederick's master sent him back to Hugh Auld in Baltimore. The two brothers had finally settled their dispute. Frederick was
now 18 years old, 6 feet tall and very strong from his work in the fields. Hugh Auld decided that Frederick should work as a
caulker (a man who forced sealing matter into the seams in a boat's hull to make it water tight) to earn his keep. He was hired
out to a local shipbuilder so that he could learn the trade. While apprenticing at the shipyard, Frederick was harassed by white
workers who did not want blacks, slaves or free, competing with them for jobs. One afternoon, a group of white apprentices
beat up Frederick and nearly took out one of his eyes. Hugh Auld was angry when he saw what had happened and attempted
to press charges against the assailants. However, none of the shipyard's white employees would step forward to testify about
the beating. Free blacks had little hope of obtaining justice through the southern court system, which refused to accept a black
person's testimony against a white person. Therefore, the case had to be dropped. 
     After Frederick recovered from his injuries, he began apprenticing at the shipyard where Hugh Auld worked. Within a
year, he was an experienced caulker and was being paid the highest wages possible for a tradesman at his level. He was
allowed to seek his own employment and collect his own pay, and at the end of each week he gave all his earnings to Hugh
Auld. Sometimes he was allowed to keep a little money for himself. But as time passed, he became resentful of having to give
up his hard earned pay. 
     In Frederick's spare time he met with a group of educated free blacks and indulged in the luxury of being a student again.
Some of the free blacks formed an educational association called the East Baltimore Mental Improvement Society, which
Frederick had been admitted to. This is where Frederick learned his debating skills. At one of the society's meetings, Frederick
met a free black woman named Anna Murray. Anna was a few years older than Frederick and was a servant for a wealthy
Baltimore family. Although Anna was a plain, uneducated woman, Frederick admired her qualities of thriftiness, industriousness
and religiousness. Anna and Frederick were soon in love and in 1838 they were engaged. 
     Love and courtship increased Frederick's discontent with his status. After Frederick's escape attempt, Thomas Auld had
promised him that if he worked hard he would be freed when he turned 25. But Frederick did not trust his master, and he
resolved to escape. However, escaping would be very difficult due to professional slave catchers patrolling the boarders
between slave states and free states, and free blacks traveling by train or steamboat had to carry official papers listing their
name, age, height, skin color, and other distinguishing features. In order to escape, Frederick needed money to pay for traveling
expenses. Frederick arranged with Hugh Auld to hire out his time, that is, Frederick would take care of his own room and
board and pay his master a set amount each week, keeping any extra money for himself. This also gave him the opportunity to
see what it was like living on his own. 
     This arrangement had been working out quite well until Frederick returned home late one night and failed to pay Hugh
Auld on time. Auld was furious and revoked his hiring-out privilege. Frederick was so enraged over this that he refused to
work for a week. He finally gave in to Auld's threats, but he also made a resolution that in three weeks, on September 3, 1838,
he would be on a northbound train. Escaping was a difficult decision for Frederick. He would be leaving his friends and his
fairly comfortable life in Baltimore forever. he did not know when and if he would see Anna Murray again. Furthermore, if he
was caught during his escape, he was sure that he would be either killed or sold to slave traders. Taking all of this into
consideration, Frederick was resolved to escape to freedom. 
     With money that he borrowed from Anna, Frederick bought a ticket to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He also had a friend's
"sailor's protection," a document that certified that the person named on it was a free seaman. Dressed in a sailor's red shirt and
black cravat, Frederick boarded the train. Frederick reached northern Maryland before the conductor made it to the "Negro
car" to collect tickets and examine papers. Frederick became very tense when the conductor approached him to look at his
papers because he did not fit the description on them. But with only a quick glance, the conductor walked on, and the relieved
Frederick sank back in his seat. On a couple of occasions, he thought that he had been recognized by other passengers from
Baltimore, but if so they did not turn him in to the authorities. 
     Upon arriving in Wilmington, Delaware, Frederick then boarded a steamboat to Philadelphia. Even after stepping on
Pennsylvania's free soil, he knew he was not yet safe from slave catchers. He immediately asked directions to New York City,
and that night he took another train north. On September 4, 1838, Frederick arrived in New York City. Frederick could not
find the words to express his feelings of leaving behind his life in slavery. He later wrote, "A new world had opened upon me."
"Anguish and grief, like darkness and rain, may be depicted, but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen or
pencil." 
Chronology
February        1818            Born Frederick Baily near Easton, Maryland
                1824            Works for Captain Aaron Anthony
                1826            Travels to Baltimore, Maryland to work for Hugh Auld
March           1833            Returns to Anthony farm to work for Thomas Auld
January         1834            Works for Edward Covey
                1835            Works for William Freeland
                1836            First escape plan fails; is imprisoned; sent back to Hugh Auld
                1837            Meets Anna Murray
September       1838            Escapes to New York; sends for and marries Anna Murray; changes name to                                 Frederick Douglass
August          1841            Asked to speak at American Anti-Slavery Society meeting; invited to go on                               lecture tour
May             1845            Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is published; Douglass begins tour of                       England
                1847            Returns to the United States and begins lecture tour
December        1847            Begins printing the North Star
                1848            Attends first women's rights convention
                1850            Becomes involved in the underground railroad
                1851            Breaks with William Garrison
November        1859            Sales to England to begin lecture tour
May             1860            Returns to the United States
                1863            Meets with President Abraham Lincoln to discuss the treatment of black soldiers                         during the Civil War
                1864            Meets with Lincoln to formulate plans to lead blacks out of the South in case of                                a Union defeat
February        1866            Meets with President Andrew Johnson to discuss black suffrage.
July            1867            Declines Johnson's offer to head Freedman's Bureau
Mary            1870            The Fifteenth Amendment is adopted and blacks are granted the right to vote; becomes editor of the New National Era
                1874            Becomes president of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company
                1877            Becomes U.S. Marshal
                1880            Appointed recorder of deeds for Washington, D.C.
August          1882            Anna Douglass dies
January         1884            Douglass marries Helen Pitts of Rochester       
                1889            Accepts post of American consul-general to Haiti
                1891            Resigns post and returns home
                    February 20, 1895: Dies in Washington, D.C.